Gene description for PENK
Gene name proenkephalin
Gene symbol PENK
Other names/aliases -
Species Homo sapiens
 Database cross references - PENK
ExoCarta ExoCarta_5179
Vesiclepedia VP_5179
Entrez Gene 5179
HGNC 8831
MIM 131330
UniProt P01210  
 PENK identified in sEVs derived from the following tissue/cell type
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells 36408942    
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells 36408942    
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells 36408942    
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells 36408942    
Chondrocytes 35931686    
Chondrocytes 35931686    
 Gene ontology annotations for PENK
Molecular Function
    opioid peptide activity GO:0001515 IEA
    opioid peptide activity GO:0001515 ISS
    neuropeptide hormone activity GO:0005184 TAS
    protein binding GO:0005515 IPI
    opioid receptor binding GO:0031628 IBA
    opioid receptor binding GO:0031628 ISS
Biological Process
    osteoblast differentiation GO:0001649 IEA
    behavioral fear response GO:0001662 IEA
    response to hypoxia GO:0001666 IEA
    startle response GO:0001964 IEA
    aggressive behavior GO:0002118 IEA
    signal transduction GO:0007165 IEA
    signal transduction GO:0007165 TAS
    neuropeptide signaling pathway GO:0007218 IBA
    chemical synaptic transmission GO:0007268 IBA
    sensory perception GO:0007600 IBA
    response to toxic substance GO:0009636 IEA
    glial cell proliferation GO:0014009 IEA
    transmission of nerve impulse GO:0019226 IEA
    sensory perception of pain GO:0019233 IEA
    response to estradiol GO:0032355 IEA
    response to lipopolysaccharide GO:0032496 IEA
    cellular response to oxidative stress GO:0034599 IEA
    response to nicotine GO:0035094 IEA
    locomotory exploration behavior GO:0035641 IEA
    response to immobilization stress GO:0035902 IEA
    G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway GO:0038003 IEA
    response to ethanol GO:0045471 IEA
    response to calcium ion GO:0051592 IEA
    general adaptation syndrome, behavioral process GO:0051867 IEA
    cellular response to vitamin D GO:0071305 IEA
    cellular response to cAMP GO:0071320 IEA
    cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus GO:0071560 IEA
    response to epinephrine GO:0071871 IEA
    cellular response to virus GO:0098586 IEA
    synaptic signaling via neuropeptide GO:0099538 IEA
    regulation of long-term synaptic depression GO:1900452 ISS
    positive regulation of behavioral fear response GO:2000987 IEA
Subcellular Localization
    extracellular region GO:0005576 TAS
    endoplasmic reticulum lumen GO:0005788 TAS
    plasma membrane GO:0005886 IBA
    dendrite GO:0030425 IBA
    symmetric synapse GO:0032280 IEA
    chromaffin granule lumen GO:0034466 IEA
    synaptic vesicle lumen GO:0034592 IEA
    neuronal cell body GO:0043025 IBA
    perikaryon GO:0043204 IEA
    axon terminus GO:0043679 IBA
    cell body fiber GO:0070852 IEA
    neuronal dense core vesicle lumen GO:0099013 IEA
 Experiment description of studies that identified PENK in sEVs
1
Experiment ID 489
MISEV standards
✔ Biophysical techniques
✔ Enriched markers
✔ Negative markers
✔ Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 36408942    
Organism Rattus norvegicus
Experiment description Quantitative proteomic analysis of exosomes from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and rat bone marrow stem cells
Authors "Xu X, Yin F, Guo M, Gan G, Lin G, Wen C, Wang J, Song P, Wang J, Qi ZQ, Zhong CQ."
Journal name Proteomics
Publication year 2023
Sample Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Sample name BMSC - Passage 6
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectometry
2
Experiment ID 490
MISEV standards
✔ Biophysical techniques
✔ Enriched markers
✔ Negative markers
✔ Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 36408942    
Organism Rattus norvegicus
Experiment description Quantitative proteomic analysis of exosomes from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and rat bone marrow stem cells
Authors "Xu X, Yin F, Guo M, Gan G, Lin G, Wen C, Wang J, Song P, Wang J, Qi ZQ, Zhong CQ."
Journal name Proteomics
Publication year 2023
Sample Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Sample name BMSC - Passage 7
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectometry
3
Experiment ID 491
MISEV standards
✔ Biophysical techniques
✔ Enriched markers
✔ Negative markers
✔ Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 36408942    
Organism Rattus norvegicus
Experiment description Quantitative proteomic analysis of exosomes from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and rat bone marrow stem cells
Authors "Xu X, Yin F, Guo M, Gan G, Lin G, Wen C, Wang J, Song P, Wang J, Qi ZQ, Zhong CQ."
Journal name Proteomics
Publication year 2023
Sample Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Sample name BMSC - Passage 8
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectometry
4
Experiment ID 492
MISEV standards
✔ Biophysical techniques
✔ Enriched markers
✔ Negative markers
✔ Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 36408942    
Organism Rattus norvegicus
Experiment description Quantitative proteomic analysis of exosomes from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and rat bone marrow stem cells
Authors "Xu X, Yin F, Guo M, Gan G, Lin G, Wen C, Wang J, Song P, Wang J, Qi ZQ, Zhong CQ."
Journal name Proteomics
Publication year 2023
Sample Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Sample name BMSC - Passage 9
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectometry
5
Experiment ID 494
MISEV standards
✔ Biophysical techniques
✔ Enriched markers
✘ Negative markers
✔ Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 35931686    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Extracellular vesicles enriched in connexin 43 promote a senescent phenotype in bone and synovial cells contributing to osteoarthritis progression
Authors "Varela-Eirín M, Carpintero-Fernández P, Guitián-Caamaño A, Varela-Vázquez A, García-Yuste A, Sánchez-Temprano A, Bravo-López SB, Yañez-Cabanas J, Fonseca E, Largo R, Mobasheri A, Caeiro JR, Mayán MD."
Journal name Cell Death Dis
Publication year 2022
Sample Chondrocytes
Sample name Osteoarthritic cartilage
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectometry
6
Experiment ID 496
MISEV standards
✘ Biophysical techniques
✔ Enriched markers
✘ Negative markers
✘ Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 35931686    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Extracellular vesicles enriched in connexin 43 promote a senescent phenotype in bone and synovial cells contributing to osteoarthritis progression
Authors "Varela-Eirín M, Carpintero-Fernández P, Guitián-Caamaño A, Varela-Vázquez A, García-Yuste A, Sánchez-Temprano A, Bravo-López SB, Yañez-Cabanas J, Fonseca E, Largo R, Mobasheri A, Caeiro JR, Mayán MD."
Journal name Cell Death Dis
Publication year 2022
Sample Chondrocytes
Sample name Healthy cartilage
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectometry
 Protein-protein interactions for PENK
  Protein Interactor ExoCarta ID Identification method PubMed Species
1 ANAPC5 51433
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
2 CDC26 246184
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
3 ANAPC4 29945
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
4 ANAPC16  
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
5 PDYN  
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
6 CDC23 8697
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
7 ANAPC1 64682
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
8 CDC27 996
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
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