Gene description for GSS
Gene name glutathione synthetase
Gene symbol GSS
Other names/aliases GSHS
HEL-S-64p
HEL-S-88n
Species Homo sapiens
 Database cross references - GSS
ExoCarta ExoCarta_2937
Vesiclepedia VP_2937
Entrez Gene 2937
HGNC 4624
MIM 601002
UniProt P48637  
 GSS identified in exosomes derived from the following tissue/cell type
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells 36408942    
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells 36408942    
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells 36408942    
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells 36408942    
Breast cancer cells 34108659    
Breast cancer cells 34108659    
Embryonic kidney cells 34108659    
Embryonic kidney cells 34108659    
Gastric cancer cells 33991177    
Gastric cancer cells 33991177    
Gastric cancer cells 33991177    
Mesenchymal stem cells 36408942    
Ovarian cancer cells 23333927    
Ovarian cancer cells 23333927    
Pancreatic cancer cells 34108659    
Pancreatic cancer cells 34108659    
Urine 19056867    
 Gene ontology annotations for GSS
Molecular Function
    magnesium ion binding GO:0000287 IDA
    glutathione synthase activity GO:0004363 IBA
    protein binding GO:0005515 IPI
    ATP binding GO:0005524 IDA
    identical protein binding GO:0042802 IPI
    protein homodimerization activity GO:0042803 IDA
    glutathione binding GO:0043295 IBA
    glutathione binding GO:0043295 IDA
Biological Process
    amino acid metabolic process GO:0006520 TAS
    glutathione biosynthetic process GO:0006750 IEA
    response to oxidative stress GO:0006979 TAS
    nervous system development GO:0007399 TAS
    response to cadmium ion GO:0046686 IEA
Subcellular Localization
    cytosol GO:0005829 IBA
    cytosol GO:0005829 TAS
    extracellular exosome GO:0070062 HDA
 Experiment description of studies that identified GSS in exosomes
1
Experiment ID 489
MISEV standards
EM
Biophysical techniques
Cd9|Cd81|Cd63|Gapdh|Sdcbp|Lamp1|Aqp1|Rab5a|Icam1|Cd82|Itga2b|Tsg101|Lamp2|Rab35|Flot1|Flot2|Cd151|Rab5b|Tfrc|Uchl1
Enriched markers
Canx
Negative markers
NTA
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 36408942    
Organism Rattus norvegicus
Experiment description Quantitative proteomic analysis of exosomes from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and rat bone marrow stem cells
Authors "Xu X, Yin F, Guo M, Gan G, Lin G, Wen C, Wang J, Song P, Wang J, Qi ZQ, Zhong CQ."
Journal name Proteomics
Publication year 2023
Sample Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Sample name BMSC - Passage 6
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectometry
2
Experiment ID 490
MISEV standards
EM
Biophysical techniques
Cd9|Cd81|Cd63|Gapdh|Sdcbp|Lamp1|Aqp1|Rab5a|Icam1|Cd82|Itga2b|Tsg101|Lamp2|Rab35|Flot1|Flot2|Cd151|Rab5b|Tfrc|Uchl1
Enriched markers
Canx
Negative markers
NTA
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 36408942    
Organism Rattus norvegicus
Experiment description Quantitative proteomic analysis of exosomes from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and rat bone marrow stem cells
Authors "Xu X, Yin F, Guo M, Gan G, Lin G, Wen C, Wang J, Song P, Wang J, Qi ZQ, Zhong CQ."
Journal name Proteomics
Publication year 2023
Sample Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Sample name BMSC - Passage 7
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectometry
3
Experiment ID 491
MISEV standards
EM
Biophysical techniques
Cd9|Cd81|Cd63|Gapdh|Sdcbp|Lamp1|Aqp1|Rab5a|Icam1|Cd82|Itga2b|Tsg101|Lamp2|Rab35|Flot1|Flot2|Cd151|Rab5b|Tfrc|Uchl1
Enriched markers
Canx
Negative markers
NTA
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 36408942    
Organism Rattus norvegicus
Experiment description Quantitative proteomic analysis of exosomes from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and rat bone marrow stem cells
Authors "Xu X, Yin F, Guo M, Gan G, Lin G, Wen C, Wang J, Song P, Wang J, Qi ZQ, Zhong CQ."
Journal name Proteomics
Publication year 2023
Sample Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Sample name BMSC - Passage 8
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectometry
4
Experiment ID 492
MISEV standards
EM
Biophysical techniques
Cd9|Cd81|Cd63|Gapdh|Sdcbp|Lamp1|Aqp1|Rab5a|Icam1|Cd82|Itga2b|Tsg101|Lamp2|Rab35|Flot1|Flot2|Cd151|Rab5b|Tfrc|Uchl1
Enriched markers
Canx
Negative markers
NTA
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 36408942    
Organism Rattus norvegicus
Experiment description Quantitative proteomic analysis of exosomes from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and rat bone marrow stem cells
Authors "Xu X, Yin F, Guo M, Gan G, Lin G, Wen C, Wang J, Song P, Wang J, Qi ZQ, Zhong CQ."
Journal name Proteomics
Publication year 2023
Sample Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Sample name BMSC - Passage 9
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectometry
5
Experiment ID 426
MISEV standards
Biophysical techniques
SDCBP|FLOT1|CD81|CD9|CD151|FLOT2|TSG101|LAMP1|TFRC|RAB5A|RAB35|GAPDH|UCHL1|ICAM1
Enriched markers
CANX
Negative markers
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 34108659    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Quantitative Proteomics Identifies the Core Proteome of Exosomes with Syntenin-1 as the highest abundant protein and a Putative Universal Biomarker
Authors "Kugeratski FG, Hodge K, Lilla S, McAndrews KM, Zhou X, Hwang RF, Zanivan S, Kalluri R."
Journal name Nat Cell Biol
Publication year 2021
Sample Breast cancer cells
Sample name MDA-MB-231 - Exo-rich fractions 7-10 pooled
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Size exclusion chromatography
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectrometry
6
Experiment ID 427
MISEV standards
Biophysical techniques
CD81|SDCBP|FLOT1|CD9|CD151|FLOT2|TSG101|LAMP1|TFRC|RAB5A|RAB35|GAPDH|UCHL1|ICAM1
Enriched markers
CANX
Negative markers
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 34108659    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Quantitative Proteomics Identifies the Core Proteome of Exosomes with Syntenin-1 as the highest abundant protein and a Putative Universal Biomarker
Authors "Kugeratski FG, Hodge K, Lilla S, McAndrews KM, Zhou X, Hwang RF, Zanivan S, Kalluri R."
Journal name Nat Cell Biol
Publication year 2021
Sample Breast cancer cells
Sample name MDA-MB-231 - Exo-rich fractions 1-6 pooled
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
OptiPrep density gradient centrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Mass spectrometry
7
Experiment ID 419
MISEV standards
Biophysical techniques
SDCBP|FLOT1|CD81|CD9|CD151|FLOT2|TSG101|LAMP1|TFRC|RAB5A|RAB35|GAPDH|UCHL1|ICAM1
Enriched markers
CANX
Negative markers
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 34108659    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Quantitative Proteomics Identifies the Core Proteome of Exosomes with Syntenin-1 as the highest abundant protein and a Putative Universal Biomarker
Authors "Kugeratski FG, Hodge K, Lilla S, McAndrews KM, Zhou X, Hwang RF, Zanivan S, Kalluri R."
Journal name Nat Cell Biol
Publication year 2021
Sample Embryonic kidney cells
Sample name HEK293T - Exo-rich fractions 7-10 pooled
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Size exclusion chromatography
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectrometry
8
Experiment ID 419
MISEV standards
Biophysical techniques
SDCBP|FLOT1|CD81|CD9|CD151|FLOT2|TSG101|LAMP1|TFRC|RAB5A|RAB35|GAPDH|UCHL1|ICAM1
Enriched markers
CANX
Negative markers
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 34108659    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Quantitative Proteomics Identifies the Core Proteome of Exosomes with Syntenin-1 as the highest abundant protein and a Putative Universal Biomarker
Authors "Kugeratski FG, Hodge K, Lilla S, McAndrews KM, Zhou X, Hwang RF, Zanivan S, Kalluri R."
Journal name Nat Cell Biol
Publication year 2021
Sample Embryonic kidney cells
Sample name HEK293T - Exo-rich fractions 7-10 pooled
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Size exclusion chromatography
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectrometry
9
Experiment ID 420
MISEV standards
Biophysical techniques
CD81|SDCBP|FLOT1|CD9|CD151|FLOT2|TSG101|LAMP1|TFRC|RAB5A|RAB35|GAPDH|UCHL1|ICAM1
Enriched markers
CANX
Negative markers
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 34108659    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Quantitative Proteomics Identifies the Core Proteome of Exosomes with Syntenin-1 as the highest abundant protein and a Putative Universal Biomarker
Authors "Kugeratski FG, Hodge K, Lilla S, McAndrews KM, Zhou X, Hwang RF, Zanivan S, Kalluri R."
Journal name Nat Cell Biol
Publication year 2021
Sample Embryonic kidney cells
Sample name HEK293T - Exo-rich fractions 1-6 pooled
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
OptiPrep density gradient centrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Mass spectrometry
10
Experiment ID 420
MISEV standards
Biophysical techniques
CD81|SDCBP|FLOT1|CD9|CD151|FLOT2|TSG101|LAMP1|TFRC|RAB5A|RAB35|GAPDH|UCHL1|ICAM1
Enriched markers
CANX
Negative markers
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 34108659    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Quantitative Proteomics Identifies the Core Proteome of Exosomes with Syntenin-1 as the highest abundant protein and a Putative Universal Biomarker
Authors "Kugeratski FG, Hodge K, Lilla S, McAndrews KM, Zhou X, Hwang RF, Zanivan S, Kalluri R."
Journal name Nat Cell Biol
Publication year 2021
Sample Embryonic kidney cells
Sample name HEK293T - Exo-rich fractions 1-6 pooled
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
OptiPrep density gradient centrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Mass spectrometry
11
Experiment ID 363
MISEV standards
Biophysical techniques
TSG101|GAPDH|AQP1|CD151|CD81|CD82|CD9|EPCAM|FLOT1|FLOT2|ICAM1|ITGA2B|LAMP2|RAB35|RAB5A|RAB5B|SDCBP|TFRC|UCHL1
Enriched markers
DCLK1
Negative markers
NTA
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 33991177    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Cancer stem cell marker DCLK1 reprograms small extracellular vesicles toward migratory phenotype in gastric cancer cells
Authors "Carli ALE, Afshar-Sterle S, Rai A, Fang H, O'Keefe R, Tse J, Ferguson FM, Gray NS, Ernst M, Greening DW, Buchert M."
Journal name Proteomics
Publication year 2021
Sample Gastric cancer cells
Sample name MKN1 - 100K pellet
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectrometry
12
Experiment ID 364
MISEV standards
Biophysical techniques
TSG101|GAPDH|AQP1|CD151|CD81|CD82|CD9|EPCAM|FLOT1|FLOT2|ICAM1|ITGA2B|LAMP2|RAB35|RAB5A|RAB5B|SDCBP|TFRC|UCHL1
Enriched markers
DCLK1
Negative markers
NTA
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 33991177    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Cancer stem cell marker DCLK1 reprograms small extracellular vesicles toward migratory phenotype in gastric cancer cells
Authors "Carli ALE, Afshar-Sterle S, Rai A, Fang H, O'Keefe R, Tse J, Ferguson FM, Gray NS, Ernst M, Greening DW, Buchert M."
Journal name Proteomics
Publication year 2021
Sample Gastric cancer cells
Sample name MKN1 - 100K pellet
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectrometry
13
Experiment ID 365
MISEV standards
Biophysical techniques
TSG101|GAPDH|AQP1|CD151|CD81|CD82|CD9|EPCAM|FLOT1|FLOT2|ICAM1|ITGA2B|LAMP2|RAB35|RAB5A|RAB5B|SDCBP|TFRC|UCHL1
Enriched markers
DCLK1
Negative markers
NTA
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 33991177    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Cancer stem cell marker DCLK1 reprograms small extracellular vesicles toward migratory phenotype in gastric cancer cells
Authors "Carli ALE, Afshar-Sterle S, Rai A, Fang H, O'Keefe R, Tse J, Ferguson FM, Gray NS, Ernst M, Greening DW, Buchert M."
Journal name Proteomics
Publication year 2021
Sample Gastric cancer cells
Sample name MKN1 - 100K pellet
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectrometry
14
Experiment ID 488
MISEV standards
EM
Biophysical techniques
CD9|CD81|CD63|GAPDH|SDCBP|LAMP1|TFRC|UCHL1|FLOT2|LAMP2|FLOT1|ICAM1|RAB5B|CD151|RAB35|TSG101|RAB5A|CD82
Enriched markers
CANX
Negative markers
NTA
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 36408942    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Quantitative proteomic analysis of exosomes from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and rat bone marrow stem cells
Authors "Xu X, Yin F, Guo M, Gan G, Lin G, Wen C, Wang J, Song P, Wang J, Qi ZQ, Zhong CQ."
Journal name Proteomics
Publication year 2023
Sample Mesenchymal stem cells
Sample name UCMSC
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectometry
15
Experiment ID 211
MISEV standards
EM
Biophysical techniques
TSG101|Alix|EpCAM|TFRC
Enriched markers
cytochrome c|GOLGA2
Negative markers
Particle analysis
Identified molecule protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 23333927    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Characterization and proteomic analysis of ovarian cancer-derived exosomes.
Authors "Liang B, Peng P, Chen S, Li L, Zhang M, Cao D, Yang J, Li H, Gui T, Li X, Shen K."
Journal name J Proteomics
Publication year 2013
Sample Ovarian cancer cells
Sample name IGROV1
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Ultracentrifugation
Sucrose density gradient
Flotation density 1.09-1.15 g/mL
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Mass spectrometry
16
Experiment ID 212
MISEV standards
CEM
Biophysical techniques
TSG101|Alix|EpCAM|TFRC
Enriched markers
Cytochrome C|GOLGA2
Negative markers
Particle analysis
Identified molecule protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 23333927    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Characterization and proteomic analysis of ovarian cancer-derived exosomes.
Authors "Liang B, Peng P, Chen S, Li L, Zhang M, Cao D, Yang J, Li H, Gui T, Li X, Shen K."
Journal name J Proteomics
Publication year 2013
Sample Ovarian cancer cells
Sample name OVCAR-3
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Ultracentrifugation
Sucrose density gradient
Flotation density 1.09-1.15 g/mL
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Mass spectrometry
17
Experiment ID 434
MISEV standards
Biophysical techniques
SDCBP|FLOT1|CD81|CD9|CD151|FLOT2|TSG101|LAMP1|TFRC|RAB5A|RAB35|GAPDH|UCHL1|ICAM1
Enriched markers
CANX
Negative markers
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 34108659    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Quantitative Proteomics Identifies the Core Proteome of Exosomes with Syntenin-1 as the highest abundant protein and a Putative Universal Biomarker
Authors "Kugeratski FG, Hodge K, Lilla S, McAndrews KM, Zhou X, Hwang RF, Zanivan S, Kalluri R."
Journal name Nat Cell Biol
Publication year 2021
Sample Pancreatic cancer cells
Sample name PANC-1 - Exo-rich fractions 7-10 pooled
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Size exclusion chromatography
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectrometry
18
Experiment ID 435
MISEV standards
Biophysical techniques
CD81|SDCBP|FLOT1|CD9|CD151|FLOT2|TSG101|LAMP1|TFRC|RAB5A|RAB35|GAPDH|UCHL1|ICAM1
Enriched markers
CANX
Negative markers
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 34108659    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Quantitative Proteomics Identifies the Core Proteome of Exosomes with Syntenin-1 as the highest abundant protein and a Putative Universal Biomarker
Authors "Kugeratski FG, Hodge K, Lilla S, McAndrews KM, Zhou X, Hwang RF, Zanivan S, Kalluri R."
Journal name Nat Cell Biol
Publication year 2021
Sample Pancreatic cancer cells
Sample name PANC-1 - Exo-rich fractions 1-6 pooled
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
OptiPrep density gradient centrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Mass spectrometry
19
Experiment ID 63
MISEV standards
Biophysical techniques
AQP2
Enriched markers
Negative markers
Particle analysis
Identified molecule protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 19056867    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes.
Authors "Gonzales PA, Pisitkun T, Hoffert JD, Tchapyjnikov D, Star RA, Kleta R, Wang NS, Knepper MA"
Journal name JASN
Publication year 2009
Sample Urine
Sample name Urine - Normal
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Mass spectrometry [LTQ]
Western blotting
 Protein-protein interactions for GSS
  Protein Interactor ExoCarta ID Identification method PubMed Species
1 YWHAH 7533
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
2 FASN 2194
Negative Genetic Homo sapiens
3 OLA1 29789
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
4 RAP1GDS1 5910
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
5 PPP5C 5536
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
6 PSPH 5723
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
7 GSS 2937
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
8 YWHAB 7529
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
9 ASNS 440
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
10 PDIA4 9601
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
11 PAFAH1B2 5049
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
12 YWHAE 7531
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
13 ASS1 445
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
14 USP14 9097
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
15 DCPS 28960
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
16 MVK 4598
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
17 ECHS1 1892
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
18 GINS3  
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
19 ZFAND6  
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
20 TERF1 7013
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
21 TBCB 1155
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
22 VCL 7414
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
23 HMGB3 3149
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
24 OGT 8473
Reconstituted Complex Homo sapiens
25 CDK9 1025
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
26 GBE1 2632
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
27 LDLR 3949
Positive Genetic Homo sapiens
28 YWHAG 7532
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
29 MSN 4478
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
30 CUL4A 8451
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
31 RRAGB 10325
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
32 ABHD14A  
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
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