Gene description for DMD
Gene name dystrophin
Gene symbol DMD
Other names/aliases BMD
CMD3B
DXS142
DXS164
DXS206
DXS230
DXS239
DXS268
DXS269
DXS270
DXS272
MRX85
Species Homo sapiens
 Database cross references - DMD
ExoCarta ExoCarta_1756
Vesiclepedia VP_1756
Entrez Gene 1756
HGNC 2928
MIM 300377
UniProt P11532  
 DMD identified in exosomes derived from the following tissue/cell type
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells 36408942    
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells 36408942    
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells 36408942    
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells 36408942    
Colorectal cancer cells 23161513    
Colorectal cancer cells 23161513    
Colorectal cancer cells 23161513    
Colorectal cancer cells 34887515    
Hepatocytes 26054723    
Retinal pigment epithelial cells 35333565    
Retinal pigment epithelial cells 35333565    
 Gene ontology annotations for DMD
Molecular Function
    dystroglycan binding GO:0002162 IPI
    actin binding GO:0003779 IDA
    actin binding GO:0003779 TAS
    structural constituent of cytoskeleton GO:0005200 TAS
    protein binding GO:0005515 IPI
    zinc ion binding GO:0008270 IEA
    structural constituent of muscle GO:0008307 IDA
    structural constituent of muscle GO:0008307 TAS
    myosin binding GO:0017022 IDA
    vinculin binding GO:0017166 IPI
    nitric-oxide synthase binding GO:0050998 ISS
Biological Process
    regulation of heart rate GO:0002027 IMP
    cytoskeleton organization GO:0007010 IEA
    muscle organ development GO:0007517 NAS
    skeletal muscle tissue development GO:0007519 IBA
    protein localization GO:0008104 IMP
    regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum GO:0010880 ISS
    regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion GO:0010881 ISS
    positive regulation of neuron projection development GO:0010976 IMP
    regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion GO:0014809 ISS
    regulation of skeletal muscle contraction GO:0014819 ISS
    negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation GO:0033137 ISS
    maintenance of blood-brain barrier GO:0035633 NAS
    response to muscle stretch GO:0035994 ISS
    peptide biosynthetic process GO:0043043 IDA
    motile cilium assembly GO:0044458 TAS
    positive regulation of neuron differentiation GO:0045666 IMP
    muscle cell cellular homeostasis GO:0046716 ISS
    neuron development GO:0048666 IBA
    muscle cell development GO:0055001 IBA
    muscle cell development GO:0055001 ISS
    cardiac muscle contraction GO:0060048 IMP
    regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity GO:0060314 ISS
    protein-containing complex assembly GO:0065003 ISS
    cardiac muscle cell action potential GO:0086001 ISS
    regulation of muscle system process GO:0090257 IBA
    regulation of cellular response to growth factor stimulus GO:0090287 IMP
    synaptic signaling GO:0099536 IBA
    regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity GO:1901385 ISS
    negative regulation of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation GO:1902083 ISS
    positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity GO:2000651 ISS
Subcellular Localization
    nucleus GO:0005634 IDA
    nucleus GO:0005634 TAS
    cytosol GO:0005829 TAS
    cytoskeleton GO:0005856 IEA
    plasma membrane GO:0005886 TAS
    cell surface GO:0009986 IDA
    actin cytoskeleton GO:0015629 TAS
    dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex GO:0016010 IDA
    dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex GO:0016010 NAS
    dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex GO:0016010 TAS
    syntrophin complex GO:0016013 TAS
    lateral plasma membrane GO:0016328 TAS
    Z disc GO:0030018 ISS
    cell-substrate junction GO:0030055 ISS
    filopodium GO:0030175 IDA
    filopodium membrane GO:0031527 IDA
    protein-containing complex GO:0032991 IDA
    sarcolemma GO:0042383 IBA
    sarcolemma GO:0042383 IDA
    costamere GO:0043034 IDA
    neuron projection terminus GO:0044306 ISS
    membrane raft GO:0045121 ISS
    membrane raft GO:0045121 TAS
    synapse GO:0045202 ISS
    postsynaptic membrane GO:0045211 IEA
 Experiment description of studies that identified DMD in exosomes
1
Experiment ID 489
MISEV standards
EM
Biophysical techniques
Cd9|Cd81|Cd63|Gapdh|Sdcbp|Lamp1|Aqp1|Rab5a|Icam1|Cd82|Itga2b|Tsg101|Lamp2|Rab35|Flot1|Flot2|Cd151|Rab5b|Tfrc|Uchl1
Enriched markers
Canx
Negative markers
NTA
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 36408942    
Organism Rattus norvegicus
Experiment description Quantitative proteomic analysis of exosomes from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and rat bone marrow stem cells
Authors "Xu X, Yin F, Guo M, Gan G, Lin G, Wen C, Wang J, Song P, Wang J, Qi ZQ, Zhong CQ."
Journal name Proteomics
Publication year 2023
Sample Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Sample name BMSC - Passage 6
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectometry
2
Experiment ID 490
MISEV standards
EM
Biophysical techniques
Cd9|Cd81|Cd63|Gapdh|Sdcbp|Lamp1|Aqp1|Rab5a|Icam1|Cd82|Itga2b|Tsg101|Lamp2|Rab35|Flot1|Flot2|Cd151|Rab5b|Tfrc|Uchl1
Enriched markers
Canx
Negative markers
NTA
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 36408942    
Organism Rattus norvegicus
Experiment description Quantitative proteomic analysis of exosomes from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and rat bone marrow stem cells
Authors "Xu X, Yin F, Guo M, Gan G, Lin G, Wen C, Wang J, Song P, Wang J, Qi ZQ, Zhong CQ."
Journal name Proteomics
Publication year 2023
Sample Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Sample name BMSC - Passage 7
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectometry
3
Experiment ID 491
MISEV standards
EM
Biophysical techniques
Cd9|Cd81|Cd63|Gapdh|Sdcbp|Lamp1|Aqp1|Rab5a|Icam1|Cd82|Itga2b|Tsg101|Lamp2|Rab35|Flot1|Flot2|Cd151|Rab5b|Tfrc|Uchl1
Enriched markers
Canx
Negative markers
NTA
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 36408942    
Organism Rattus norvegicus
Experiment description Quantitative proteomic analysis of exosomes from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and rat bone marrow stem cells
Authors "Xu X, Yin F, Guo M, Gan G, Lin G, Wen C, Wang J, Song P, Wang J, Qi ZQ, Zhong CQ."
Journal name Proteomics
Publication year 2023
Sample Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Sample name BMSC - Passage 8
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectometry
4
Experiment ID 492
MISEV standards
EM
Biophysical techniques
Cd9|Cd81|Cd63|Gapdh|Sdcbp|Lamp1|Aqp1|Rab5a|Icam1|Cd82|Itga2b|Tsg101|Lamp2|Rab35|Flot1|Flot2|Cd151|Rab5b|Tfrc|Uchl1
Enriched markers
Canx
Negative markers
NTA
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 36408942    
Organism Rattus norvegicus
Experiment description Quantitative proteomic analysis of exosomes from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and rat bone marrow stem cells
Authors "Xu X, Yin F, Guo M, Gan G, Lin G, Wen C, Wang J, Song P, Wang J, Qi ZQ, Zhong CQ."
Journal name Proteomics
Publication year 2023
Sample Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Sample name BMSC - Passage 9
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectometry
5
Experiment ID 207
MISEV standards
EM
Biophysical techniques
TSG101|HSP70|FLOT1
Enriched markers
VDAC
Negative markers
NTA
Particle analysis
Identified molecule protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 23161513    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Proteomic analysis of exosomes from mutant KRAS colon cancer cells identifies intercellular transfer of mutant KRAS.
Authors "Demory Beckler M, Higginbotham JN, Franklin JL, Ham AJ, Halvey PJ, Imasuen IE, Whitwell C, Li M, Liebler DC, Coffey RJ."
Journal name Mol Cell Proteomics
Publication year 2012
Sample Colorectal cancer cells
Sample name DKO-1
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Mass spectrometry
6
Experiment ID 208
MISEV standards
EM
Biophysical techniques
TSG101|HSP70|FLOT1
Enriched markers
VDAC
Negative markers
NTA
Particle analysis
Identified molecule protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 23161513    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Proteomic analysis of exosomes from mutant KRAS colon cancer cells identifies intercellular transfer of mutant KRAS.
Authors "Demory Beckler M, Higginbotham JN, Franklin JL, Ham AJ, Halvey PJ, Imasuen IE, Whitwell C, Li M, Liebler DC, Coffey RJ."
Journal name Mol Cell Proteomics
Publication year 2012
Sample Colorectal cancer cells
Sample name Dks-8
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Mass spectrometry
7
Experiment ID 209
MISEV standards
Biophysical techniques
TSG101|HSP70|FLOT1
Enriched markers
VDAC
Negative markers
NTA
Particle analysis
Identified molecule protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 23161513    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Proteomic analysis of exosomes from mutant KRAS colon cancer cells identifies intercellular transfer of mutant KRAS.
Authors "Demory Beckler M, Higginbotham JN, Franklin JL, Ham AJ, Halvey PJ, Imasuen IE, Whitwell C, Li M, Liebler DC, Coffey RJ."
Journal name Mol Cell Proteomics
Publication year 2012
Sample Colorectal cancer cells
Sample name DLD-1
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Mass spectrometry
8
Experiment ID 1203
MISEV standards
EM
Biophysical techniques
SDCBP|FLOT1|CD9|CD81|CD63|EPCAM|GAPDH|LAMP1|TFRC|CD151|CD82|LAMP2|RAB35|TSG101|FLOT2|RAB5B|ICAM1|RAB5A
Enriched markers
Negative markers
Particle analysis
Identified molecule protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 34887515    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Supermeres are functional extracellular nanoparticles replete with disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets
Authors "Zhang Q, Jeppesen DK, Higginbotham JN, Graves-Deal R, Trinh VQ, Ramirez MA, Sohn Y, Neininger AC, Taneja N, McKinley ET, Niitsu H, Cao Z, Evans R, Glass SE, Ray KC, Fissell WH, Hill S, Rose KL, Huh WJ, Washington MK, Ayers GD, Burnette DT, Sharma S, Rome LH, Franklin JL, Lee YA, Liu Q, Coffey RJ."
Journal name Nat Cell Biol
Publication year 2021
Sample Colorectal cancer cells
Sample name DiFi
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Centrifugal ultrafiltration
Ultracentrifugation
OptiPrep density gradient centrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
miRNA
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectrometry
RNA sequencing
9
Experiment ID 237
MISEV standards
EM
Biophysical techniques
TSG101|Alix|HSC70|GAPDH
Enriched markers
HSP90B1
Negative markers
qNano
Particle analysis
Identified molecule mRNA
Identification method RNA Sequencing
PubMed ID 26054723    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomes promote motility of immortalized hepatocyte through transfer of oncogenic proteins and RNAs
Authors "He M, Qin H, Poon TC, Sze SC, Ding X, Co NN, Ngai SM, Chan TF, Wong N"
Journal name Carcinogenesis
Publication year 2015
Sample Hepatocytes
Sample name MIHA
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Sucrose density gradient
Flotation density 1.13-1.19 g/mL
Molecules identified in the study Protein
RNA
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectrometry
RNA Sequencing
10
Experiment ID 834
MISEV standards
EM
Biophysical techniques
LAMP2|CD63|FLOT1|ITGA2B|ICAM1|CD9|CD151|TFRC|RAB5A|GAPDH|AQP1|TSG101
Enriched markers
CANX
Negative markers
NTA
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 35333565    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description LAMP2A regulates the loading of proteins into exosomes
Authors "Ferreira JV, da Rosa Soares A, Ramalho J, Máximo Carvalho C, Cardoso MH, Pintado P, Carvalho AS, Beck HC, Matthiesen R, Zuzarte M, Girão H, van Niel G, Pereira P"
Journal name Sci Adv
Publication year 2022
Sample Retinal pigment epithelial cells
Sample name ARPE-19
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectrometry
11
Experiment ID 835
MISEV standards
EM
Biophysical techniques
CD63|FLOT1|ITGA2B|ICAM1|CD9|CD151|TFRC|RAB5A|GAPDH|AQP1|TSG101
Enriched markers
CANX
Negative markers
NTA
Particle analysis
Identified molecule Protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 35333565    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description LAMP2A regulates the loading of proteins into exosomes
Authors "Ferreira JV, da Rosa Soares A, Ramalho J, Máximo Carvalho C, Cardoso MH, Pintado P, Carvalho AS, Beck HC, Matthiesen R, Zuzarte M, Girão H, van Niel G, Pereira P"
Journal name Sci Adv
Publication year 2022
Sample Retinal pigment epithelial cells
Sample name ARPE-19
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectrometry
 Protein-protein interactions for DMD
  Protein Interactor ExoCarta ID Identification method PubMed Species
1 MPP6 51678
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
2 ANLN 54443
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
3 CDC25A  
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
4 DISC1 27185
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
5 GAN 8139
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
6 Osgep  
Affinity Capture-MS Mus musculus
7 UTRN 7402
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
8 TRMT2A 27037
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
9 TERF2  
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
10 TNIP1 10318
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
11 LAMTOR1 55004
Proximity Label-MS Homo sapiens
12 NEDD4 4734
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
13 MCAM 4162
Proximity Label-MS Homo sapiens
14 KCNA4  
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
15 Psmb5 19173
Affinity Capture-MS Mus musculus
16 KIF15 56992
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
17 KIF14 9928
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
18 MARCKS 4082
Proximity Label-MS Homo sapiens
19 XPO1 7514
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
20 DAG1 1605
Co-crystal Structure Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-Western Homo sapiens
21 SNTG2  
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
22 LPAR6  
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
23 FOXP1 27086
Protein-RNA Homo sapiens
24 TRAF3IP1 26146
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
25 AHNAK 79026
Affinity Capture-Western Homo sapiens
26 WDR54  
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
27 ALB 213
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
28 TRIM21 6737
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
29 TNS1 7145
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
30 TERF1 7013
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
31 DTNA  
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
Reconstituted Complex Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
32 HAUS1  
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
33 RPS7 6201
Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS) Homo sapiens
34 TRIM41 90933
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
35 PPIA 5478
Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS) Homo sapiens
36 Itgb1 24511
Reconstituted Complex Rattus norvegicus
37 PLEKHA2 59339
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
38 IFIT5 24138
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
39 LONRF3  
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
40 LYN 4067
Proximity Label-MS Homo sapiens
41 C15orf59  
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
42 SIRT5 23408
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
43 TNS3 64759
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
44 APP 351
Reconstituted Complex Homo sapiens
45 LRRC8E 80131
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
46 PLEKHA4 57664
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
47 SNTG1  
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
48 Slc8a1  
Affinity Capture-Western Mus musculus
49 HNF4A  
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
50 MAP3K5 4217
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
51 SNTA1 6640
Protein-peptide Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-Western Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Reconstituted Complex Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
52 ARF6 382
Proximity Label-MS Homo sapiens
53 ACTA1 58
Reconstituted Complex Homo sapiens
54 MARK2 2011
Affinity Capture-Western Homo sapiens
55 OSBPL1A 114876
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
56 ARRB1 408
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
57 KIF23 9493
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
58 MCM2 4171
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
59 KCNJ4  
Affinity Capture-Western Homo sapiens
60 Snta1  
Reconstituted Complex Rattus norvegicus
61 DTNB 1838
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
62 TRIM63  
Biochemical Activity Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-Western Homo sapiens
63 HSPA1A 3303
Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS) Homo sapiens
64 TNS2 23371
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
65 NOS1  
Co-localization Homo sapiens
66 EPHA2 1969
Proximity Label-MS Homo sapiens
67 SIRT2 22933
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
68 ARRDC3 57561
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
69 PTRF 284119
Affinity Capture-Western Homo sapiens
70 ZGPAT  
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
71 CTNNA1 1495
Co-fractionation Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
72 SNTB2 6645
Protein-peptide Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
73 TIAM1  
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
74 Ptk2  
Reconstituted Complex Rattus norvegicus
75 Dlgap4  
Affinity Capture-MS Mus musculus
76 KCNJ12 3768
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
77 SNTB1 6641
Reconstituted Complex Homo sapiens
Reconstituted Complex Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
78 CUL4A 8451
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
79 NFX1  
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
80 PAGE1  
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
81 NUPL1 9818
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
82 CTNNAL1 8727
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
83 HAUS4  
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
Affinity Capture-MS Homo sapiens
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