Gene description for GLUL
Gene name glutamate-ammonia ligase
Gene symbol GLUL
Other names/aliases GLNS
GS
PIG43
PIG59
Species Homo sapiens
 Database cross references - GLUL
ExoCarta ExoCarta_2752
Entrez Gene 2752
HGNC 4341
MIM 138290
UniProt P15104  
 GLUL identified in exosomes derived from the following tissue/cell type
Hepatocellular carcinoma cells 26054723    
Hepatocellular carcinoma cells 26054723    
Hepatocytes 26054723    
Urine 19056867    
 Gene ontology annotations for GLUL
Molecular Function
    glutamate-ammonia ligase activity GO:0004356 EXP
    glutamate binding GO:0016595 IEA
    magnesium ion binding GO:0000287 IEA
    dynein light chain binding GO:0045503 IEA
    ATP binding GO:0005524 IEA
    manganese ion binding GO:0030145 IEA
    glutamate decarboxylase activity GO:0004351 IEA
    identical protein binding GO:0042802 IPI
Biological Process
    response to glucose GO:0009749 IEA
    synaptic transmission GO:0007268 TAS
    glutamate catabolic process GO:0006538 TAS
    cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process GO:0034641 TAS
    positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation GO:0050679 IEA
    positive regulation of insulin secretion GO:0032024 IEA
    cell proliferation GO:0008283 IDA
    cellular amino acid biosynthetic process GO:0008652 TAS
    glutamine biosynthetic process GO:0006542 TAS
    positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic GO:0051968 IEA
    neurotransmitter uptake GO:0001504 TAS
    protein homooligomerization GO:0051260 IEA
    cellular response to starvation GO:0009267 IEA
    small molecule metabolic process GO:0044281 TAS
Subcellular Localization
    glial cell projection GO:0097386 IEA
    cytoplasm GO:0005737 IDA
    perikaryon GO:0043204 IEA
    cytosol GO:0005829 TAS
    nucleus GO:0005634 IDA
    mitochondrion GO:0005739 IEA
    rough endoplasmic reticulum GO:0005791 IEA
    axon terminus GO:0043679 IEA
    protein complex GO:0043234 IEA
    extracellular exosome GO:0070062 IDA
 Experiment description of studies that identified GLUL in exosomes
1
Experiment ID 234
ISEV standards
✔
EM
EV Biophysical techniques
✔
TSG101|Alix|HSC70|GAPDH
EV Cytosolic markers
✘ EV Membrane markers
✔
HSP90B1
EV Negative markers
✔
qNano
EV Particle analysis
Identified molecule mRNA
Identification method RNA Sequencing
PubMed ID 26054723    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomes promote motility of immortalized hepatocyte through transfer of oncogenic proteins and RNAs
Authors He M, Qin H, Poon TC, Sze SC, Ding X, Co NN, Ngai SM, Chan TF, Wong N
Journal name Carcinogenesis
Publication year 2015
Sample Hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Sample name HKCI-C3
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Sucrose density gradient
Flotation density 1.13-1.19 g/mL
Molecules identified in the study Protein
RNA
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectrometry
RT-PCR
RNA Sequencing
2
Experiment ID 236
ISEV standards
✔
EM
EV Biophysical techniques
✔
TSG101|Alix|HSC70|GAPDH
EV Cytosolic markers
✘ EV Membrane markers
✔
HSP90B1
EV Negative markers
✔
qNano
EV Particle analysis
Identified molecule mRNA
Identification method RNA Sequencing
PubMed ID 26054723    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomes promote motility of immortalized hepatocyte through transfer of oncogenic proteins and RNAs
Authors He M, Qin H, Poon TC, Sze SC, Ding X, Co NN, Ngai SM, Chan TF, Wong N
Journal name Carcinogenesis
Publication year 2015
Sample Hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Sample name MHCC97L
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Sucrose density gradient
Flotation density 1.13-1.19 g/mL
Molecules identified in the study Protein
RNA
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectrometry
RT-PCR
RNA Sequencing
3
Experiment ID 237
ISEV standards
✔
EM
EV Biophysical techniques
✔
TSG101|Alix|HSC70|GAPDH
EV Cytosolic markers
✘ EV Membrane markers
✔
HSP90B1
EV Negative markers
✔
qNano
EV Particle analysis
Identified molecule mRNA
Identification method RNA Sequencing
PubMed ID 26054723    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomes promote motility of immortalized hepatocyte through transfer of oncogenic proteins and RNAs
Authors He M, Qin H, Poon TC, Sze SC, Ding X, Co NN, Ngai SM, Chan TF, Wong N
Journal name Carcinogenesis
Publication year 2015
Sample Hepatocytes
Sample name MIHA
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation
Sucrose density gradient
Flotation density 1.13-1.19 g/mL
Molecules identified in the study Protein
RNA
Methods used in the study Western blotting
Mass spectrometry
RNA Sequencing
4
Experiment ID 63
ISEV standards
✘ EV Biophysical techniques
✘ EV Cytosolic markers
✔
AQP2
EV Membrane markers
✘ EV Negative markers
✘ EV Particle analysis
Identified molecule protein
Identification method Mass spectrometry
PubMed ID 19056867    
Organism Homo sapiens
Experiment description Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes.
Authors Gonzales PA, Pisitkun T, Hoffert JD, Tchapyjnikov D, Star RA, Kleta R, Wang NS, Knepper MA
Journal name JASN
Publication year 2009
Sample Urine
Sample name Urine - Normal
Isolation/purification methods Differential centrifugation
Flotation density -
Molecules identified in the study Protein
Methods used in the study Mass spectrometry [LTQ]
Western blotting
 Protein-protein interactions for GLUL
  Protein Interactor ExoCarta ID Identification method PubMed Species
1 FLJ22494  
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
2 GLUL 2752
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
3 PLEKHF2 79666
Two-hybrid Homo sapiens
View the network image/svg+xml



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